The WACC of United Airlines Holdings Inc (UAL) is 7.8%.
| Range | Selected | |
| Cost of equity | 9.10% - 12.10% | 10.60% |
| Tax rate | 23.00% - 23.70% | 23.35% |
| Cost of debt | 5.20% - 5.60% | 5.40% |
| WACC | 6.9% - 8.7% | 7.8% |
| Category | Low | High |
| Long-term bond rate | 3.9% | 4.4% |
| Equity market risk premium | 4.6% | 5.6% |
| Adjusted beta | 1.13 | 1.29 |
| Additional risk adjustments | 0.0% | 0.5% |
| Cost of equity | 9.10% | 12.10% |
| Tax rate | 23.00% | 23.70% |
| Debt/Equity ratio | 0.78 | 0.78 |
| Cost of debt | 5.20% | 5.60% |
| After-tax WACC | 6.9% | 8.7% |
| Selected WACC | 7.8% | |
The Cost of Equity reflects the return a company needs to deliver to shareholders to justify the risk of investing in its shares. It’s computed using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), which blends the risk-free rate, the stock’s beta, and the market risk premium.
This method evaluates the stock’s risk compared to a safe investment and the market’s overall volatility.
Here’s how we figure out the cost of equity for UAL:
cost_of_equity (10.60%) = risk_free_rate (4.15%) + equity_risk_premium (5.10%) * adjusted_beta (1.13) + risk_adjustments (0.25%)
We include the risk adjustments, which range from 0% to 1%, to keep our WACC conservatives, especially for companies traded in developing markets.